Properties of Other Fluids

Degrees A.P.I. vs. Specific Gravity for Oil

Degrees API is a scale used to measure the relative density of petroleum liquids and oil compared to water, as established by the American Petroleum Institute (API). The scale is calibrated in degrees API, with larger values coresponding to a lower specific gravity. Light crudes generally exceed 38 degrees API and heavy crudes are commonly labeled as all crudes with an API gravity of 22 degrees or below. Intermediate crudes fall in the range of 22 degrees to 38 degrees API gravity.

The relation of Degrees A.P.I. to Specific Gravity (sg) is expressed by the following formula:

(Eq. 2.D.1) DegreesA.P.I.=141.5sg−131.5

(Eq. 2.D.2) sg=141.5131.5+DegreesA.P.I.

The following tables are based on the weight of 1 gallon (U.S.) of oil with a volume of 231 cubic inches at 60°F in air at 760 mmHg pressure and 50% humidity. Assumed weight of 1 gallon of water at 60°F in air is 8.32828 pounds.

To determine the resulting specific gravity by mixing oils of different specific gravities:

(Eq. 2.D.3) ρ=mρ1+nρ2m+n

where:

  • ρ = density or specific gravity of mixture
  • m = proportion of oil of ρ1 density
  • n = proportion of oil of ρ2 density
  • ρ1 = specific gravity of m oil
  • ρ2 = specific gravity of n oil

Degrees A.P.I. vs. Specific Gravity

Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F
10 1 15 0.9659 20 0.934 25 0.9042 30 0.8762 35 0.8498 40 0.8251 45 0.8017
10.1 0.9993 15.1 0.9652 20.1 0.9334 25.1 0.9036 30.1 0.8756 35.1 0.8493 40.1 0.8246 45.1 0.8012
10.2 0.9986 15.2 0.9646 20.2 0.9328 25.2 0.903 30.2 0.8751 35.2 0.8488 40.2 0.8241 45.2 0.8008
10.3 0.9979 15.3 0.9639 20.3 0.9321 25.3 0.9024 30.3 0.8745 35.3 0.8483 40.3 0.8236 45.3 0.8003
10.4 0.9972 15.4 0.9632 20.4 0.9315 25.4 0.9018 30.4 0.874 35.4 0.8478 40.4 0.8232 45.4 0.7999
10.5 0.9965 15.5 0.9626 20.5 0.9309 25.5 0.9013 30.5 0.8735 35.5 0.8473 40.5 0.8227 45.5 0.7994
10.6 0.9958 15.6 0.9619 20.6 0.9303 25.6 0.9007 30.6 0.8729 35.6 0.8468 40.6 0.8222 45.6 0.799
10.7 0.9951 15.7 0.9613 20.7 0.9297 25.7 0.9001 30.7 0.8724 35.7 0.8463 40.7 0.8217 45.7 0.7985
10.8 0.9944 15.8 0.9606 20.8 0.9291 25.8 0.8996 30.8 0.8718 35.8 0.8458 40.8 0.8212 45.8 0.7981
10.9 0.9937 15.9 0.96 20.9 0.9285 25.9 0.899 30.9 0.8713 35.9 0.8453 40.9 0.8208 45.9 0.7976
11 0.993 16 0.9593 21 0.9279 26 0.8984 31 0.8708 36 0.8448 41 0.8203 46 0.7972
11.1 0.9923 16.1 0.9587 21.1 0.9273 26.1 0.8978 31.1 0.8702 36.1 0.8443 41.1 0.8198 46.1 0.7967
11.2 0.9916 16.2 0.958 21.2 0.9267 26.2 0.8973 31.2 0.8697 36.2 0.8438 41.2 0.8193 46.2 0.7963
11.3 0.9909 16.3 0.9574 21.3 0.926 26.3 0.8967 31.3 0.8692 36.3 0.8433 41.3 0.8189 46.3 0.7958
11.4 0.9902 16.4 0.9567 21.4 0.9254 26.4 0.8961 31.4 0.8686 36.4 0.8428 41.4 0.8184 46.4 0.7954
11.5 0.9895 16.5 0.9561 21.5 0.9248 26.5 0.8956 31.5 0.8681 36.5 0.8423 41.5 0.8179 46.5 0.7949
11.6 0.9888 16.6 0.9554 21.6 0.9242 26.6 0.895 31.6 0.8676 36.6 0.8418 41.6 0.8174 46.6 0.7945
11.7 0.9881 16.7 0.9548 21.7 0.9236 26.7 0.8944 31.7 0.867 36.7 0.8413 41.7 0.817 46.7 0.7941
11.8 0.9874 16.8 0.9541 21.8 0.923 26.8 0.8939 31.8 0.8665 36.8 0.8408 41.8 0.8165 46.8 0.7936
11.9 0.9868 16.9 0.9535 21.9 0.9224 26.9 0.8933 31.9 0.866 36.9 0.8403 41.9 0.816 46.9 0.7932
12 0.9861 17 0.9529 22 0.9218 27 0.8927 32 0.8654 37 0.8398 42 0.8156 47 0.7927
12.1 0.9854 17.1 0.9522 22.1 0.9212 27.1 0.8922 32.1 0.8649 37.1 0.8393 42.1 0.8151 47.1 0.7923
12.2 0.9847 17.2 0.9516 22.2 0.9206 27.2 0.8916 32.2 0.8644 37.2 0.8388 42.2 0.8146 47.2 0.7918
12.3 0.984 17.3 0.9509 22.3 0.92 27.3 0.8911 32.3 0.8639 37.3 0.8383 42.3 0.8142 47.3 0.7914
12.4 0.9833 17.4 0.9503 22.4 0.9194 27.4 0.8905 32.4 0.8633 37.4 0.8378 42.4 0.8137 47.4 0.7909
12.5 0.9826 17.5 0.9497 22.5 0.9188 27.5 0.8899 32.5 0.8628 37.5 0.8373 42.5 0.8132 47.5 0.7905
12.6 0.982 17.6 0.949 22.6 0.9182 27.6 0.8894 32.6 0.8623 37.6 0.8368 42.6 0.8128 47.6 0.7901
12.7 0.9813 17.7 0.9484 22.7 0.9176 27.7 0.8888 32.7 0.8618 37.7 0.8363 42.7 0.8123 47.7 0.7896
12.8 0.9806 17.8 0.9478 22.8 0.917 27.8 0.8883 32.8 0.8612 37.8 0.8358 42.8 0.8118 47.8 0.7892
12.9 0.9799 17.9 0.9471 22.9 0.9165 27.9 0.8877 32.9 0.8607 37.9 0.8353 42.9 0.8114 47.9 0.7887
13 0.9792 18 0.9465 23 0.9159 28 0.8871 33 0.8602 38 0.8348 43 0.8109 48 0.7883
13.1 0.9786 18.1 0.9459 23.1 0.9153 28.1 0.8866 33.1 0.8597 38.1 0.8343 43.1 0.8104 48.1 0.7879
13.2 0.9779 18.2 0.9452 23.2 0.9147 28.2 0.886 33.2 0.8591 38.2 0.8338 43.2 0.81 48.2 0.7874
13.3 0.9772 18.3 0.9446 23.3 0.9141 28.3 0.8855 33.3 0.8586 38.3 0.8333 43.3 0.8095 48.3 0.787
13.4 0.9765 18.4 0.944 23.4 0.9135 28.4 0.8849 33.4 0.8581 38.4 0.8328 43.4 0.809 48.4 0.7865
13.5 0.9759 18.5 0.9433 23.5 0.9129 28.5 0.8844 33.5 0.8576 38.5 0.8324 43.5 0.8086 48.5 0.7861
13.6 0.9752 18.6 0.9427 23.6 0.9123 28.6 0.8838 33.6 0.8571 38.6 0.8319 43.6 0.8081 48.6 0.7857
13.7 0.9745 18.7 0.9421 23.7 0.9117 28.7 0.8833 33.7 0.8565 38.7 0.8314 43.7 0.8076 48.7 0.7852
13.8 0.9738 18.8 0.9415 23.8 0.9111 28.8 0.8827 33.8 0.856 38.8 0.8309 43.8 0.8072 48.8 0.7848
13.9 0.9732 18.9 0.9408 23.9 0.9106 28.9 0.8822 33.9 0.8555 38.9 0.8304 43.9 0.8067 48.9 0.7844
14 0.9725 19 0.9402 24 0.91 29 0.8816 34 0.855 39 0.8299 44 0.8063 49 0.7839
14.1 0.9718 19.1 0.9396 24.1 0.9094 29.1 0.8811 34.1 0.8545 39.1 0.8294 44.1 0.8058 49.1 0.7835
14.2 0.9712 19.2 0.939 24.2 0.9088 29.2 0.8805 34.2 0.854 39.2 0.8289 44.2 0.8054 49.2 0.7831
14.3 0.9705 19.3 0.9383 24.3 0.9082 29.3 0.88 34.3 0.8534 39.3 0.8285 44.3 0.8049 49.3 0.7826
14.4 0.9698 19.4 0.9377 24.4 0.9076 29.4 0.8794 34.4 0.8529 39.4 0.828 44.4 0.8044 49.4 0.7822
14.5 0.9692 19.5 0.9371 24.5 0.9071 29.5 0.8789 34.5 0.8524 39.5 0.8275 44.5 0.804 49.5 0.7818
14.6 0.9685 19.6 0.9365 24.6 0.9065 29.6 0.8783 34.6 0.8519 39.6 0.827 44.6 0.8035 49.6 0.7813
14.7 0.9679 19.7 0.9358 24.7 0.9059 29.7 0.8778 34.7 0.8514 39.7 0.8265 44.7 0.8031 49.7 0.7809
14.8 0.9672 19.8 0.9352 24.8 0.9053 29.8 0.8772 34.8 0.8509 39.8 0.826 44.8 0.8026 49.8 0.7805
14.9 0.9665 19.9 0.9346 24.9 0.9047 29.9 0.8767 34.9 0.8504 39.9 0.8256 44.9 0.8022 49.9 0.78

Tbl. 2.D.1

Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F Degrees A.P.I. Specific gravity at 60-60°F
50 0.7796 56.5 0.7527 63 0.7275 69.5 0.704 76 0.6819 82.5 0.6612 89 0.6417 95.5 0.6233
50.1 0.7792 56.6 0.7523 63.1 0.7271 69.6 0.7036 76.1 0.6816 82.6 0.6609 89.1 0.6414 95.6 0.6231
50.2 0.7788 56.7 0.7519 63.2 0.7268 69.7 0.7033 76.2 0.6813 82.7 0.6606 89.2 0.6411 95.7 0.6228
50.3 0.7783 56.8 0.7515 63.3 0.7264 69.8 0.7029 76.3 0.6809 82.8 0.6603 89.3 0.6409 95.8 0.6225
50.4 0.7779 56.9 0.7511 63.4 0.726 69.9 0.7026 76.4 0.6806 82.9 0.66 89.4 0.6406 95.9 0.6223
50.5 0.7775 57 0.7507 63.5 0.7256 70 0.7022 76.5 0.6803 83 0.6597 89.5 0.6403 96 0.622
50.6 0.777 57.1 0.7503 63.6 0.7253 70.1 0.7019 76.6 0.68 83.1 0.6594 89.6 0.64 96.1 0.6217
50.7 0.7766 57.2 0.7499 63.7 0.7249 70.2 0.7015 76.7 0.6796 83.2 0.6591 89.7 0.6397 96.2 0.6214
50.8 0.7762 57.3 0.7495 63.8 0.7245 70.3 0.7012 76.8 0.6793 83.3 0.6588 89.8 0.6394 96.3 0.6212
50.9 0.7758 57.4 0.7491 63.9 0.7242 70.4 0.7008 76.9 0.679 83.4 0.6584 89.9 0.6391 96.4 0.6209
51 0.7753 57.5 0.7487 64 0.7238 70.5 0.7005 77 0.6787 83.5 0.6581 90 0.6388 96.5 0.6206
51.1 0.7749 57.6 0.7483 64.1 0.7234 70.6 0.7001 77.1 0.6783 83.6 0.6578 90.1 0.6385 96.6 0.6203
51.2 0.7745 57.7 0.7479 64.2 0.723 70.7 0.6998 77.2 0.678 83.7 0.6575 90.2 0.6382 96.7 0.6201
51.3 0.7741 57.8 0.7475 64.3 0.7227 70.8 0.6995 77.3 0.6777 83.8 0.6572 90.3 0.638 96.8 0.6198
51.4 0.7736 57.9 0.7471 64.4 0.7223 70.9 0.6991 77.4 0.6774 83.9 0.6569 90.4 0.6377 96.9 0.6195
51.5 0.7732 58 0.7467 64.5 0.7219 71 0.6988 77.5 0.677 84 0.6566 90.5 0.6374 97 0.6193
51.6 0.7728 58.1 0.7463 64.6 0.7216 71.1 0.6984 77.6 0.6767 84.1 0.6563 90.6 0.6371 97.1 0.619
51.7 0.7724 58.2 0.7459 64.7 0.7212 71.2 0.6981 77.7 0.6764 84.2 0.656 90.7 0.6368 97.2 0.6187
51.8 0.772 58.3 0.7455 64.8 0.7208 71.3 0.6977 77.8 0.6761 84.3 0.6557 90.8 0.6365 97.3 0.6184
51.9 0.7715 58.4 0.7451 64.9 0.7205 71.4 0.6974 77.9 0.6757 84.4 0.6554 90.9 0.6362 97.4 0.6182
52 0.7711 58.5 0.7447 65 0.7201 71.5 0.697 78 0.6754 84.5 0.6551 91 0.636 97.5 0.6179
52.1 0.7707 58.6 0.7443 65.1 0.7197 71.6 0.6967 78.1 0.6751 84.6 0.6548 91.1 0.6357 97.6 0.6176
52.2 0.7703 58.7 0.744 65.2 0.7194 71.7 0.6964 78.2 0.6748 84.7 0.6545 91.2 0.6354 97.7 0.6174
52.3 0.7699 58.8 0.7436 65.3 0.719 71.8 0.696 78.3 0.6745 84.8 0.6542 91.3 0.6351 97.8 0.6171
52.4 0.7694 58.9 0.7432 65.4 0.7186 71.9 0.6957 78.4 0.6741 84.9 0.6539 91.4 0.6348 97.9 0.6168
52.5 0.769 59 0.7428 65.5 0.7183 72 0.6953 78.5 0.6738 85 0.6536 91.5 0.6345 98 0.6166
52.6 0.7686 59.1 0.7424 65.6 0.7179 72.1 0.695 78.6 0.6735 85.1 0.6533 91.6 0.6342 98.1 0.6163
52.7 0.7682 59.2 0.742 65.7 0.7175 72.2 0.6946 78.7 0.6732 85.2 0.653 91.7 0.634 98.2 0.616
52.8 0.7678 59.3 0.7416 65.8 0.7172 72.3 0.6943 78.8 0.6728 85.3 0.6527 91.8 0.6337 98.3 0.6158
52.9 0.7674 59.4 0.7412 65.9 0.7168 72.4 0.694 78.9 0.6725 85.4 0.6524 91.9 0.6334 98.4 0.6155
53 0.7669 59.5 0.7408 66 0.7165 72.5 0.6936 79 0.6722 85.5 0.6521 92 0.6331 98.5 0.6152
53.1 0.7665 59.6 0.7405 66.1 0.7161 72.6 0.6933 79.1 0.6719 85.6 0.6518 92.1 0.6328 98.6 0.615
53.2 0.7661 59.7 0.7401 66.2 0.7157 72.7 0.6929 79.2 0.6716 85.7 0.6515 92.2 0.6325 98.7 0.6147
53.3 0.7657 59.8 0.7397 66.3 0.7154 72.8 0.6926 79.3 0.6713 85.8 0.6512 92.3 0.6323 98.8 0.6144
53.4 0.7653 59.9 0.7393 66.4 0.715 72.9 0.6923 79.4 0.6709 85.9 0.6509 92.4 0.632 98.9 0.6141
53.5 0.7649 60 0.7389 66.5 0.7146 73 0.6919 79.5 0.6706 86 0.6506 92.5 0.6317 99 0.6139
53.6 0.7645 60.1 0.7385 66.6 0.7143 73.1 0.6916 79.6 0.6703 86.1 0.6503 92.6 0.6314 99.1 0.6136
53.7 0.764 60.2 0.7381 66.7 0.7139 73.2 0.6913 79.7 0.67 86.2 0.65 92.7 0.6311 99.2 0.6134
53.8 0.7636 60.3 0.7377 66.8 0.7136 73.3 0.6909 79.8 0.6697 86.3 0.6497 92.8 0.6309 99.3 0.6131
53.9 0.7632 60.4 0.7374 66.9 0.7132 73.4 0.6906 79.9 0.6693 86.4 0.6494 92.9 0.6306 99.4 0.6128
54 0.7628 60.5 0.737 67 0.7128 73.5 0.6902 80 0.669 86.5 0.6491 93 0.6303 99.5 0.6126
54.1 0.7624 60.6 0.7366 67.1 0.7125 73.6 0.6899 80.1 0.6687 86.6 0.6488 93.1 0.63 99.6 0.6123
54.2 0.762 60.7 0.7362 67.2 0.7121 73.7 0.6896 80.2 0.6684 86.7 0.6485 93.2 0.6297 99.7 0.612
54.3 0.7616 60.8 0.7358 67.3 0.7118 73.8 0.6892 80.3 0.6681 86.8 0.6482 93.3 0.6294 99.8 0.6118
54.4 0.7612 60.9 0.7354 67.4 0.7114 73.9 0.6889 80.4 0.6678 86.9 0.6479 93.4 0.6292 99.9 0.6115
54.5 0.7608 61 0.7351 67.5 0.7111 74 0.6886 80.5 0.6675 87 0.6476 93.5 0.6289 100 0.6112
54.6 0.7603 61.1 0.7347 67.6 0.7107 74.1 0.6882 80.6 0.6671 87.1 0.6473 93.6 0.6286
54.7 0.7599 61.2 0.7343 67.7 0.7103 74.2 0.6879 80.7 0.6668 87.2 0.647 93.7 0.6283
54.8 0.7595 61.3 0.7339 67.8 0.71 74.3 0.6876 80.8 0.6665 87.3 0.6467 93.8 0.6281
54.9 0.7591 61.4 0.7335 67.9 0.7096 74.4 0.6872 80.9 0.6662 87.4 0.6464 93.9 0.6278
55.0.0 0.7587 61.5 0.7332 68 0.7093 74.5 0.6869 81 0.6659 87.5 0.6461 94 0.6275
55.1 0.7583 61.6 0.7328 68.1 0.7089 74.6 0.6866 81.1 0.6656 87.6 0.6458 94.1 0.6272
55.2 0.7579 61.7 0.7324 68.2 0.7086 74.7 0.6862 81.2 0.6653 87.7 0.6455 94.2 0.6269
55.3 0.7575 61.8 0.732 68.3 0.7082 74.8 0.6859 81.3 0.6649 87.8 0.6452 94.3 0.6267
55.4 0.7571 61.9 0.7316 68.4 0.7079 74.9 0.6856 81.4 0.6646 87.9 0.6449 94.4 0.6264
55.5 0.7567 62 0.7313 68.5 0.7075 75 0.6852 81.5 0.6643 88 0.6446 94.5 0.6261
55.6 0.7563 62.1 0.7309 68.6 0.7071 75.1 0.6849 81.6 0.664 88.1 0.6444 94.6 0.6258
55.7 0.7559 62.2 0.7305 68.7 0.7068 75.2 0.6846 81.7 0.6637 88.2 0.6441 94.7 0.6256
55.8 0.7555 62.3 0.7301 68.8 0.7064 75.3 0.6842 81.8 0.6634 88.3 0.6438 94.8 0.6253
55.9 0.7551 62.4 0.7298 68.9 0.7061 75.4 0.6839 81.9 0.6631 88.4 0.6435 94.9 0.625
56 0.7547 62.5 0.7294 69 0.7057 75.5 0.6836 82 0.6628 88.5 0.6432 95 0.6247
56.1 0.7543 62.6 0.729 69.1 0.7054 75.6 0.6832 82.1 0.6625 88.6 0.6429 95.1 0.6244
56.2 0.7539 62.7 0.7286 69.2 0.705 75.7 0.6829 82.2 0.6621 88.7 0.6426 95.2 0.6242
56.3 0.7535 62.8 0.7283 69.3 0.7047 75.8 0.6826 82.3 0.6618 88.8 0.6423 95.3 0.6239
56.4 0.7531 62.9 0.7279 69.4 0.7043 75.9 0.6823 82.4 0.6615 88.9 0.642 95.4 0.6236

Tbl. 2.D.2

ANSI/HI 9.6.7 Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline for Effects of Liquid Viscosity on Performance

Learn the calculation methods to adjust the tested flow, head, efficiency and power on water to the viscosity the pump will be handling. Additionally, learn how NPSHR will be affected and considerations for starting torque.

Learn more

Temperature-Volume Relation for Oil

(Fig. 2.D.1)

Specific Gravities vs. Degrees Baumé

Calculated from the formula, specific gravity 60°/60° F = 140 / (130 + Deg. Bé)

Spec. Gravities at 60°/60° F. Corresp. to Deg. Bé for Liquids Lighter than Water

Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity
10 1.0000 25 0.9032 40 0.8235 55 0.7568 70 0.7000 85 0.6512
11 0.9929 26 0.8974 41 0.8187 56 0.7527 71 0.6965 86 0.6481
12 0.9859 27 0.8917 42 0.8140 57 0.7487 72 0.6931 87 0.6452
13 0.9790 28 0.8861 43 0.8092 58 0.7447 73 0.6897 88 0.6422
14 0.9722 29 0.8805 44 0.8046 59 0.7407 74 0.6863 89 0.6393
15 0.9655 30 0.8750 45 0.8000 60 0.7368 75 0.6829 90 0.6364
16 0.9589 31 0.8696 46 0.7955 61 0.7330 76 0.6796 91 0.6335
17 0.9524 32 0.8642 47 0.7910 62 0.7292 77 0.6763 92 0.6306
18 0.9459 33 0.8589 48 0.7865 63 0.7254 78 0.6731 93 0.6278
19 0.9396 34 0.8537 49 0.7821 64 0.7216 79 0.6699 94 0.6250
20 0.9333 35 0.8485 50 0.7778 65 0.7179 80 0.6667 95 0.6222
21 0.9272 36 0.8434 51 0.7735 66 0.7143 81 0.6635 96 0.6195
22 0.9211 37 0.8383 52 0.7692 67 0.7107 82 0.6604 97 0.6167
23 0.9150 38 0.8333 53 0.7650 68 0.7071 83 0.6573 98 0.6140
24 0.9091 39 0.8284 54 0.7609 69 0.7035 84 0.6542 99 0.6114
100 0.6087

Tbl. 2.D.3

Calculated from the formula, specific gravity 60°/60° F = 145 / (145 - Deg. Bé)

Spec. Gravities at 60°/60° F. Corresp. to Deg. Bé for Liquids Heavier than Water

Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity Degrees Baumé Specific gravity
0 1.0000 12 1.0902 24 1.1983 36 1.3303 48 1.4948 60 1.7059
1 1.0069 13 1.0985 25 1.2083 37 1.3426 49 1.5104 61 1.7262
2 1.0140 14 1.1069 26 1.2185 38 1.3551 50 1.5263 62 1.7470
3 1.0211 15 1.1154 27 1.2288 39 1.3679 51 1.5426 63 1.7683
4 1.0284 16 1.1240 28 1.2393 40 1.3810 52 1.5591 64 1.7901
5 1.0357 17 1.1328 29 1.2500 41 1.3942 53 1.5761 65 1.8125
6 1.0432 18 1.1417 30 1.2609 42 1.4078 54 1.5934 66 1.8354
7 1.0507 19 1.1508 31 1.2719 43 1.4216 55 1.6111 67 1.8590
8 1.0584 20 1.1600 32 1.2832 44 1.4356 56 1.6292 68 1.8831
9 1.0662 21 1.1694 33 1.2946 45 1.4500 57 1.6477 69 1.9079
10 1.0741 22 1.1789 34 1.3063 46 1.4646 58 1.6667 70 1.9333
11 1.0821 23 1.1885 35 1.3182 47 1.4796 59 1.6860

Tbl. 2.D.5

Brix Viscosities of Sucrose Solutions at Various Temperatures

Degree Brix is the measure of concentration of sugar in aqueous solution. Degree Brix is the percentage of sucrose by weight in aqueous solution. One-Degree Brix equals 1 gram of sugar into 100 grams of sugar solution. The Degree Brix can be represented in symbolic way as °Bx. This designation of Degree Brix is only valid for pure sucrose solutions. If the solution contains dissolved solids other than pure sucrose, then the °Bx only approximates the dissolved solid content.

Sucrose is common sugar. It is a disaccharide, a molecule composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose is produced naturally in plants, from which table sugar is refined. It has molecular formula C12H22O11. For human consumption, sucrose is extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet.

The measurement of sugar solution i.e. Degree Brix is required in many food processing industries including sugar production, fruit juice processing, soft drink production and many other food processing areas where sweeteners are involved.

Relation of Viscosity of Aqueous Sucrose Solution with Temperature and Degree Brix

The Degree Brix is a concentration of sucrose into aqueous solution. However, the relation between Degree Brix, temperature, specific gravity and viscosity is established [1]. Based on this circular, the graphs of viscosity in centipoise versus temperature and Degree Brix are established. From the graphical representation. it is easier to understand the behavior of sucrose solution against temperature and value of Degree Brix. The exact value of viscosity can be found by interpolating the adjacent graphs of Degree Brix with respect to temperature.

Viscosity is inversely proportional to temperature and directly proportional to Degree Brix. From the graph, it can be observed that as the temperature increases keeping Brix value constant, the corresponding viscosity value is decreasing. On other hand keeping temperature constant, the viscosity increases as Degree Brix increases.

Measurement of Brix

One traditional method to measure the °Brix is by constant weight hydrometer. The constant weight hydrometer works on the law of buoyancy. The hydrometer is floated in a fluid and the density (specific gravity) of the fluid is determined by the fluid level on the scale of the stem. A hydrometer measures the density of the solution to determine the °Brix.

Coriolis Brix principle: The Coriolis meter’s density measurement works on the principle that the period of oscillation of the flow tubes. Performing the same primary measurement as hydrometer, the Coriolis meter determines the °Brix as a function of the specific gravity of the solution.

Charts

  • The following charts represent the value of viscosity of sucrose solution in centipoise (cP) at various temperature for various Brix values.
  • [1] All the values are taken from National Bureau of Standards Circular 440 issued on July 31, 1958 United States Department of Commerce by considering viscosity of water at 20°C is 0.010020 poise.
  • On the X-axis temperature is plotted in °C whereas on Y-axis viscosity of sucrose in aqueous solution is plotted in centipoise (cP) and the graph is plotted for various degree Brix values ranging from 20° Brix to 75° Brix.
  • The below graphs represent the exponentially decreasing nature.
  • From the graph it can be seen that, viscosity is directly proportional to degrees of Brix value, and it is inversely proportional to the temperature.

(Fig. 2.D.2)

(Fig. 2.D.3)

(Fig. 2.D.4)

(Fig. 2.D.5)

(Fig. 2.D.6)

(Fig. 2.D.7)

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Vapor Pressure of Liquid H2 [2]

Data Points

Temperature (R) Pressure (psia)
26.0 1.4000
27.0 1.8710
28.0 2.4530
29.0 3.1630
30.0 4.0180
31.0 5.0330
32.0 6.2270
33.0 7.6180
34.0 9.2250
35.0 11.065
36.0 13.157
37.0 15.522
38.0 18.177
39.0 21.143
40.0 24.438
41.0 28.083
42.0 32.098
43.0 36.501
44.0 41.314
45.0 46.557
46.0 52.250
47.0 58.414
48.0 65.072
49.0 72.244
50.0 79.953
51.0 88.223
52.0 97.079
53.0 106.55
54.0 116.66
55.0 127.44
56.0 138.93
57.0 151.18
58.0 164.24
59.0 178.21

Tbl. 2.D.6

Liquid Hydrogen Vapor Pressure Plot
Temperature (R)26272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859Pressure (psia)02040608010012014016018026272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859Pressure (psia)

Vapor Pressure of Helium [3]

Data Points

Temperature (R) Pressure (psia)
4.0 0.7886
4.2 1.0215
4.4 1.2962
4.6 1.6168
4.8 1.9877
5.0 2.4129
5.2 2.8963
5.4 3.4417
5.6 4.0531
5.8 4.7339
6.0 5.4879
6.2 6.3186
6.4 7.2295
6.6 8.2243
6.8 9.3065
7.0 10.480
7.2 11.748
7.4 13.115
7.6 14.584
7.8 16.161
8.0 17.850
8.2 19.657
8.4 21.587
8.6 23.650
8.8 25.854
9.0 28.214
9.2 30.755

Tbl. 2.D.7

Helium Vapor Pressure Plot
Temperature (R)44.24.44.64.855.25.45.65.866.26.46.66.877.27.47.67.888.28.48.68.899.2Pressure (psia)05101520253044.24.44.64.855.25.45.65.866.26.46.66.877.27.47.67.888.28.48.68.899.2Pressure (psia)

References

  1. J. F. Swindells, C. F. Snyder, R. C. Hardy, and P. E. Golden, Viscosities of Sucrose Solution at Various Temperatures National Bureau of Standards Circular 440, p. 3 (1958).
  2. Eric W. Lemmon, Mark O. McLinden and Daniel G. Friend, "Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems" in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P.J. Linstrom and W.G. Mallard, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 20899, https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303, (retrieved July 31, 2019).
  3. Eric W. Lemmon, Mark O. McLinden and Daniel G. Friend, "Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems" in NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Eds. P.J. Linstrom and W.G. Mallard, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 20899, https://doi.org/10.18434/T4D303, (retrieved July 31, 2019).

Last updated on July 19th, 2024